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Automatic Sanitization Modules (ASM)


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  • Data Sheet -TANKASMUV

    Document Type:
    Data Sheet
    Product Catalog Number:
    TANKASMUV
    Product Catalog Name:
    Automatic Sanitization Module (ASM) Large RiOs™ and Elix® Systems

  • Early-onset and robust amyloid pathology in a new homozygous mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 19936202

    Transgenic mice expressing mutated amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PS)-1 or -2 have been successfully used to model cerebral beta-amyloidosis, one of the characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, the use of many transgenic lines is limited by premature death, low breeding efficiencies and late onset and high inter-animal variability of the pathology, creating a need for improved animal models. Here we describe the detailed characterization of a new homozygous double-transgenic mouse line that addresses most of these issues.The transgenic mouse line (ARTE10) was generated by co-integration of two transgenes carrying the K670N/M671L mutated amyloid precursor protein (APP(swe)) and the M146V mutated presenilin 1 (PS1) both under control of a neuron-specific promoter. Mice, hemi- as well as homozygous for both transgenes, are viable and fertile with good breeding capabilities and a low rate of premature death. They develop robust AD-like cerebral beta-amyloid plaque pathology with glial inflammation, signs of neuritic dystrophy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Using our novel image analysis algorithm for semi-automatic quantification of plaque burden, we demonstrate an early onset and progressive plaque deposition starting at 3 months of age in homozygous mice with low inter-animal variability and 100%-penetrance of the phenotype. The plaques are readily detected in vivo by PiB, the standard human PET tracer for AD. In addition, ARTE10 mice display early loss of synaptic markers and age-related cognitive deficits. By applying a gamma-secretase inhibitor we show a dose dependent reduction of soluble amyloid beta levels in the brain.ARTE10 mice develop a cerebral beta-amyloidosis closely resembling the beta-amyloid-related aspects of human AD neuropathology. Unifying several advantages of previous transgenic models, this line particularly qualifies for the use in target validation and for evaluating potential diagnostic or therapeutic agents targeting the amyloid pathology of AD.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Modeling pain in vitro using nociceptor neurons reprogrammed from fibroblasts. 25420066

    Reprogramming somatic cells from one cell fate to another can generate specific neurons suitable for disease modeling. To maximize the utility of patient-derived neurons, they must model not only disease-relevant cell classes, but also the diversity of neuronal subtypes found in vivo and the pathophysiological changes that underlie specific clinical diseases. We identified five transcription factors that reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into noxious stimulus-detecting (nociceptor) neurons. These recapitulated the expression of quintessential nociceptor-specific functional receptors and channels found in adult mouse nociceptor neurons, as well as native subtype diversity. Moreover, the derived nociceptor neurons exhibited TrpV1 sensitization to the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 and the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin, modeling the inherent mechanisms underlying inflammatory pain hypersensitivity and painful chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Using fibroblasts from patients with familial dysautonomia (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III), we found that the technique was able to reveal previously unknown aspects of human disease phenotypes in vitro.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • The dopamine D(2) receptor is expressed and sensitizes adenylyl cyclase activity in airway smooth muscle. 21964403

    Dopamine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that are divided into two subgroups, "D(1)-like" receptors (D(1) and D(5)) that couple to the G(s) protein and "D(2)-like" receptors (D(2), D(3), and D(4)) that couple to G(i). Although inhaled dopamine has been reported to induce bronchodilation in patients with asthma, functional expression of dopamine receptor subtypes has never been described on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Acute activation of G(i)-coupled receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity and cAMP synthesis, which classically impairs ASM relaxation. In contrast, chronic activation of G(i)-coupled receptors produces a paradoxical enhancement of adenylyl cyclase activity referred to as heterologous sensitization. We questioned whether the dopamine D(2)-like receptor is expressed on ASM, whether it exhibits classical G(i)-coupling, and whether it modulates ASM function. We detected the mRNA encoding the dopamine D(2) receptor in total RNA isolated from native human ASM and from cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. Immunoblots identified the dopamine D(2) receptor protein in both native human and guinea pig ASM and cultured HASM cells. The dopamine D(2) receptor protein was immunohistochemically localized to both human and guinea pig ASM. Acute activation of the dopamine D(2) receptor by quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in HASM cells, which was blocked by the dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist L-741626. In contrast, the chronic pretreatment (1 h) with quinpirole potentiated forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, which was inhibited by L-741626, the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, or the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Quinpirole also stimulated inositol phosphate synthesis, which was inhibited by L-741626 or U73122. Chronic pretreatment (1 h) of the guinea pig tracheal rings with quinpirole significantly potentiated forskolin-induced airway relaxation, which was inhibited by L-741626. These results demonstrate that functional dopamine D(2) receptors are expressed on ASM and could be a novel therapeutic target for the relaxation of ASM.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor restores synaptic plasticity in a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. 17442827

    Asymptomatic Huntington's disease (HD) patients exhibit memory and cognition deficits that generally worsen with age. Similarly, long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity involved in memory encoding, is impaired in HD mouse models well before motor disturbances occur. The reasons why LTP deteriorates are unknown. Here we show that LTP is impaired in hippocampal slices from presymptomatic Hdh(Q92) and Hdh(Q111) knock-in mice, describe two factors contributing to this deficit, and establish that potentiation can be rescued with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Baseline physiological measures were unaffected by the HD mutation, but LTP induction and, to a greater degree, consolidation were both defective. The facilitation of burst responses that normally occurs during a theta stimulation train was reduced in HD knock-in mice, as was theta-induced actin polymerization in dendritic spines. The decrease in actin polymerization and deficits in LTP stabilization were reversed by BDNF, concentrations of which were substantially reduced in hippocampus of both Hdh(Q92) and Hdh(Q111) mice. These results suggest that the HD mutation discretely disrupts processes needed to both induce and stabilize LTP, with the latter effect likely arising from reduced BDNF expression. That BDNF rescues LTP in HD knock-in mice suggests the possibility of treating cognitive deficits in asymptomatic HD gene carriers by upregulating production of the neurotrophin.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1598
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Post Synaptic Density Protein 95 Antibody, clone 7E3-1B8

  • KRAB-zinc finger proteins and KAP1 can mediate long-range transcriptional repression through heterochromatin spreading. 20221260

    Krüppel-associated box domain-zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) are tetrapod-specific transcriptional repressors encoded in the hundreds by the human genome. In order to explore their as yet ill-defined impact on gene expression, we developed an ectopic repressor assay, allowing the study of KRAB-mediated transcriptional regulation at hundreds of different transcriptional units. By targeting a drug-controllable KRAB-containing repressor to gene-trapping lentiviral vectors, we demonstrate that KRAB and its corepressor KAP1 can silence promoters located several tens of kilobases (kb) away from their DNA binding sites, with an efficiency which is generally higher for promoters located within 15 kb or less. Silenced promoters exhibit a loss of histone H3-acetylation, an increase in H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), and a drop in RNA Pol II recruitment, consistent with a block of transcriptional initiation following the establishment of silencing marks. Furthermore, we reveal that KRAB-mediated repression is established by the long-range spreading of H3K9me3 and heterochromatin protein 1 beta (HP1beta) between the repressor binding site and the promoter. We confirm the biological relevance of this phenomenon by documenting KAP1-dependent transcriptional repression at an endogenous KRAB-ZFP gene cluster, where KAP1 binds to the 3' end of genes and mediates propagation of H3K9me3 and HP1beta towards their 5' end. Together, our data support a model in which KRAB/KAP1 recruitment induces long-range repression through the spread of heterochromatin. This finding not only suggests auto-regulatory mechanisms in the control of KRAB-ZFP gene clusters, but also provides important cues for interpreting future genome-wide DNA binding data of KRAB-ZFPs and KAP1.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-599
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-acetyl-Histone H3 Antibody

  • High-efficiency immunomagnetic isolation of solid tissue-originated integrin-expressing adult stem cells. 22019721

    Isolation of highly pure specific cell types is crucial for successful adult stem cell-based therapy. As the number of such cells in adult tissue is low, an extremely efficient method is needed for their isolation. Here, we describe cell-separation methodologies based on magnetic-affinity cell sorting (MACS) MicroBeads with monoclonal antibodies against specific membrane proteins conjugated to superparamagnetic particles. Cells labeled with MACS MicroBeads are retained in a magnetic field within a MACS column placed in a MACS separator, allowing fast and efficient separation. Both positively labeled and non-labeled fractions can be used directly for downstream applications as the separated cell fractions remain viable with no functional impairment. As immunomagnetic separation depends on the interaction between a cell's membrane and the magnetically labeled antibody, separation of specific cells originating from solid tissues is more complex and demands a cell-dissociating pretreatment. In this paper, we detail the use of immunomagnetic separation for the purpose of regenerating damaged salivary gland (SG) function in animal and human models of irradiated head and neck cancer. Each year 500,000 new cases of head and neck cancer occur worldwide. Most of these patients lose SG function following irradiation therapy. SGs contain integrin α6β1-expressing epithelial stem cells. We hypothesized that these cells can be isolated, multiplied in culture and auto-implanted into the irradiated SGs to regenerate damaged SG function.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1410

  • Increased Expression of Angiopoietins and Tie2 in the Lungs of Chronic Asthmatic Mice. 20463289

    Angiopoietin (Ang)1 and 2 are ligands for Tie2 tyrosine kinase receptor (Tie2). Elevated levels of both Ang1 and Ang2 in induced sputum of asthmatic patients have been reported with a positive correlation of Ang2 levels with the severity of airway occlusion. Although studies have shown Tie2-mediated regulation of non-vascular cells in some pathological conditions, current knowledge on Tie2 signaling in asthma is still limited to the vasculature. We examined the expression pattern of Ang1, Ang2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Tie2, and their correlation with the degree of airway remodeling in the lung of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mice with airway hyperresponsiveness. Lung tissues were isolated from Balb/c mice following OVA-sensitization and challenge. Hematoxylin and eosin, Periodic acid-Schiff, and trichrome staining were used to show the lung pathology. The expression of Ang1, Ang2, VEGF and Tie2 were examined using immunofluorescence, Western blot, ELISA and real-time PCR. In the lung of normal mice, Tie2 expression was detected only in the blood vessels. However, in the lung of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice Tie2 was abundantly expressed in airway epithelial cells and a subset of macrophages, in addition to constitutive expression in pulmonary vessels. Increase in Tie2 expression correlated with the severity of airway remodeling. Macrophages and airway epithelial cells express Ang2 and VEGF only in allergic model. Ang1 was constitutively expressed, with a decrease in mRNA level in allergic model. In conclusion, increased expression of Tie2 and Ang2 in allergic airway epithelium and alveolar macrophage correlate with the severity of airway remodeling.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Autophagy in lung cancer. 19216912

    Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The relatively poor cure rate in lung cancer patients has been associated with a resistance to chemotherapy and radiation that is at least in part related to defects in cellular apoptotic machinery. Exploitation of another form of cell death, autophagy, has the capacity to improve the therapeutic gain of current therapies. In an effort to develop novel treatment strategies to enhance the therapeutic ratio for lung cancer, we wish to better understand the role of autophagic cell death for the sensitization of lung cancer. This text reviews the most up to date protocols and techniques for the study of autophagic cell death in lung cancer models. Others may use these techniques as a framework for study within their experimental models.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB7356
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-von Willebrand Factor Antibody

  • NAC1 modulates sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by altering the HMGB1-mediated autophagic response. 21743489

    Nucleus accumbens-1 (NAC1), a nuclear factor belonging to the BTB/POZ gene family, is known to have important roles in proliferation and growth of tumor cells and in chemotherapy resistance. Yet, the mechanisms underlying how NAC1 contributes to drug resistance remain largely unclear. We report here that autophagy was involved in NAC1-mediated resistance to cisplatin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of ovarian cancer. We found that treatment with cisplatin caused an activation of autophagy in ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780, OVCAR3 and SKOV3. We further demonstrated that knockdown of NAC1 by RNA interference or inactivation of NAC1 by inducing the expression of a NAC1 deletion mutant that contains only the BTB/POZ domain significantly inhibited the cisplatin-induced autophagy, resulting in increased cisplatin cytotoxicity. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy and sensitization to cisplatin by NAC1 knockdown or inactivation were accompanied by induction of apoptosis. To confirm that the sensitizing effect of NAC1 inhibition on the cytotoxicity of cisplatin was attributed to suppression of autophagy, we assessed the effects of the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenosine and chloroquine, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting beclin 1 or Atg5 on the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. Treatment with 3-methyladenosine, chloroquine or beclin 1 and Atg5-targeted siRNA also enhanced the sensitivity of SKOV3, A2780 and OVCAR3 cells to cisplatin, indicating that suppression of autophagy indeed renders tumor cells more sensitive to cisplatin. Regulation of autophagy by NAC1 was mediated by the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), as the functional status of NAC1 was associated with the expression, translocation and release of HMGB1. The results of our study not only revealed a new mechanism determining cisplatin sensitivity but also identified NAC1 as a novel regulator of autophagy. Thus, the NAC1-mediated autophagy may be exploited as a new target for enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin against ovarian cancer and other types of malignancies.Oncogene advance online publication, 11 July 2011; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.290.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    0500-0450