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  • Chronic hypoxia upregulates the expression and function of proinflammatory cytokines in the rat carotid body. 18446360

    The structure and function of the carotid body are greatly altered during chronic hypoxia. Recent studies showed the expression of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor and IL-6 receptor in the carotid body, suggesting a role of proinflammatory cytokines in the chemoreceptor function. The present study aimed to examine the hypothesis that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, plays a role in the rat carotid body in chronic hypoxia. Levels of the mRNA expression of the cytokines and their receptors IL-1r1, gp130 and TNFr1, were significantly increased in the carotid body of hypoxic rats when compared with the normoxic control. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of cytokines and receptors were localized in the lobules of chemosensitive glomus cells containing tyrosine hydroxylase. There were significantly more positive-staining cells in the hypoxic groups with treatment for 3, 7 and 28 days than those of the normoxic controls. Application of exogenous cytokines (0.1 nM) elevated intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) responses to acute hypoxia in the dissociated fura-2-loaded glomus cells. The increased [Ca(2+)](i) response in the hypoxic group was significantly greater than that of the normoxic group. Moreover, the gene transcripts of inflammatory mediator inducible nitric oxide synthase and chemokines (MCP-1, CCR2, MIP-1alpha, and ICAM-1) were increased in the carotid body of hypoxic rats. Collectively, results suggest that the increased expressions of proinflammatory cytokines play a functional role in the carotid body with local inflammation during chronic hypoxia.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB1542
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibody

  • NovaSeptum® - 211013-551

    Document Type:
    Certificate of Quality
    Lot Number:
    211013-551
    Product Catalog Number:
    2844-00143
    Product Catalog Name:
    NOVASEPTUM SAMPLING UNIT, BOTTLE APPLICA

  • MYPT1, (714-1004) - 23432

    Document Type:
    Certificate of Analysis
    Lot Number:
    23432
    Product Catalog Number:
    12-421
    Product Catalog Name:
    MYPT1, (714-1004)

  • Synaptic abnormalities in the infralimbic cortex of a model of congenital depression. 23946402

    Multiple lines of evidence suggest that disturbances in excitatory transmission contribute to depression. Whether these defects involve the number, size, or composition of glutamatergic contacts is unclear. This study used recently introduced procedures for fluorescence deconvolution tomography in a well-studied rat model of congenital depression to characterize excitatory synapses in layer I of infralimbic cortex, a region involved in mood disorders, and of primary somatosensory cortex. Three groups were studied: (1) rats bred for learned helplessness (cLH); (2) rats resistant to learned helplessness (cNLH); and (3) control Sprague Dawley rats. In fields within infralimbic cortex, cLH rats had the same numerical density of synapses, immunolabeled for either the postsynaptic density (PSD) marker PSD95 or the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, as controls. However, PSD95 immunolabeling intensities were substantially lower in cLH rats, as were numerical densities of synapse-sized clusters of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1. Similar but less pronounced differences (comparable numerical densities but reduced immunolabeling intensity for PSD95) were found in the somatosensory cortex. In contrast, non-helpless rats had 25% more PSDs than either cLH or control rats without any increase in synaptophysin-labeled terminal frequency. Compared with controls, both cLH and cNLH rats had fewer GABAergic contacts. These results indicate that congenital tendencies that increase or decrease depression-like behavior differentially affect excitatory synapses.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB341
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-GABA A Receptor β 2,3 Chain Antibody, clone BD17

  • Anti-Histone H3 (Unmodified Lys4), -2821659

    Document Type:
    Certificate of Analysis
    Lot Number:
    2821659
    Product Catalog Number:
    05-1341-S
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Histone H3 Antibody, (Unmodified Lys4), clone CMA301, Trial Size

  • Performance and metabolic and endocrine changes with emphasis on glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows with high and low fat content in liver after calving. 19307636

    Elevated liver fat content occurs in high-yielding dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation after fat mobilization and may affect hepatic glucose metabolism, but the degree of liver fat storage is highly variable. Therefore, we studied metabolic and endocrine changes and hepatic glucose metabolism in cows that markedly differ in liver fat content. Multiparous cows from the same herd with high (HFL; n = 10) and low (LFL; n = 10) liver fat contents (mean of d 1, 10, and 21 after calving for each cow, respectively) were studied from 60 d before expected calving to 56 d in milk. Cows were fed ad libitum and all cows received the same diets. Liver samples were taken on d 1, 10, and 21 after calving; mean fat content (+/-SEM) in liver of HFL cows was 174 +/- 9.6 mg/g, whereas mean liver fat content in LFL cows was 77 +/- 3.3 mg/g. Blood samples were taken 20 and 7 d before expected calving and 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d after calving to measure plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, insulin, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor-I, and leptin. In liver, glycogen content as well as mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and glucose transporter were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Back fat thickness decreased and dry matter intake increased with onset of lactation, and back fat thickness was higher but dry matter intake was lower in HFL than in LFL. Energy-corrected milk yield did not differ between groups, but milk fat content was higher and lactose content was lower in HFL than LFL at the beginning of lactation. Energy balance was more negative in HFL than in LFL. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations increased and plasma glucose concentration tended to decrease more in HFL than LFL with onset of lactation. Glucagon to insulin ratios increased more in HFL than LFL with onset of lactation. Hepatic glycogen content was higher in LFL than HFL, whereas mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase were higher in HFL than in LFL, and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA level increased similarly after parturition in both groups. In conclusion, an elevated liver fat content was related to greater fat mobilization and reduced feed intake and was associated with effects on hepatic glucose metabolism. As environment and feeding management were the same, individual cow factors were responsible for differences in energy metabolism during the transition period.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple