MAB1999 Sigma-AldrichAnti-Integrin α5β1 Antibody, clone HA5

Ionizing radiation (IR) is commonly used for cancer therapy, however, its potential influence on cancer metastatic potential remains controversial. In this study, we elucidated the role of integrins in regulation of IR-altered adhesion between breast cancer cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which is a key step in the initial phase of metastasis. Our data suggest that the extent of effect that ionizing radiation had on cell adhesion depended on the genetic background of the breast cancer cells. Ionizing radiation was a better adhesion inducer for p53-mutated cells, such as MDA-MB-231 cells, than for p53 wild-type cells, such as MCF-7 cells. While IR-induced adhesions between MDA-MB-231 cells to fibronectin, laminin, collagen I and collagen IV, only blocking of the adhesion between α5β1 integrin and fibronectin using anti-α5β1 integrin antibody could completely inhibit the radiation-induced adhesion of the cells. A soluble Arg-Gly-Asp peptide, the binding motif for fibronectin binding integrins, could also reduce the adhesion of the cells to fibronectin with or without ionizing radiation exposure. The inhibition of the cell-fibronectin interaction also affected, but did not always correlate with, transwell migration of the cancer cells. In addition, our data showed that the total expression of α5 integrin and surface expression of α5β1 integrin were increased in the cells treated with ionizing radiation. The increased surface expression of α5β1 integrin, along with the adhesion between the cells and fibronectin, could be inhibited by both ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase inhibitors. These results suggested that ATM/ATR-mediated surface expression of α5β1 integrin might play a central role in regulation of ionizing radiation-altered adhesion.

Autologous human keratinocytes (HK) forming sheet grafts are approved as skin substitutes. Genetic engineering of HK represents a promising technique to improve engraftment and survival of transplants. Although efficacious in keratinocyte-directed gene transfer, retro-/lentiviral vectors may raise safety concerns when applied in regenerative medicine. We therefore optimized adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors of the serotype 2, characterized by an excellent safety profile, but lacking natural tropism for HK, through capsid engineering. Peptides, selected by AAV peptide display, engaged novel receptors that increased cell entry efficiency by up to 2,500-fold. The novel targeting vectors transduced HK with high efficiency and a remarkable specificity even in mixed cultures of HK and feeder cells. Moreover, differentiated keratinocytes in organotypic airlifted three-dimensional cultures were transduced following topical vector application. By exploiting comparative gene analysis we further succeeded in identifying αvβ8 integrin as a target receptor thus solving a major challenge of directed evolution approaches and describing a promising candidate receptor for cutaneous gene therapy.

Astrocytes are macroglial cells that have a crucial role in development of the retinal vasculature and maintenance of the blood-retina-barrier (BRB). Diabetes affects the physiology and function of retinal vascular cells including astrocytes (AC) leading to breakdown of BRB. However, the detailed cellular mechanisms leading to retinal AC dysfunction under high glucose conditions remain unclear. Here we show that high glucose conditions did not induce the apoptosis of retinal AC, but instead increased their rate of DNA synthesis and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. These alterations were associated with changes in intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell survival, migration and proliferation. High glucose conditions also affected the expression of inflammatory cytokines in retinal AC, activated NF-κB, and prevented their network formation on Matrigel. In addition, we showed that the attenuation of retinal AC migration under high glucose conditions, and capillary morphogenesis of retinal endothelial cells on Matrigel, was mediated through increased oxidative stress. Antioxidant proteins including heme oxygenase-1 and peroxiredoxin-2 levels were also increased in retinal AC under high glucose conditions through nuclear localization of transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2. Together our results demonstrated that high glucose conditions alter the function of retinal AC by increased production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress with significant impact on their proliferation, adhesion, and migration.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) has pivotal role in the degradation of extracellular matrix, and thereby enhances the invasive, proliferative and metastatic potential in cancer. Knockdown of MMP-2 using MMP-2 small interfering RNA (pM) in human glioma xenograft cell lines 4910 and 5310 decreased cell proliferation compared with mock and pSV (scrambled vector) treatments, as determined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, Ki-67 staining and clonogenic survival assay. Cytokine array and western blotting using tumor-conditioned media displayed modulated secretory levels of various cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor and PDGF-BB in MMP-2 knockdown cells. Further, cDNA PCR array indicated potential negative regulation of Janus kinase/Stat3 pathway in pM-treated cells. Mechanistically, MMP-2 is involved in complex formation with α5 and β1 integrins and MMP-2 downregulation inhibited α5β1 integrin-mediated Stat3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed inhibited Stat3 DNA-binding activity and recruitment at CyclinD1 and c-Myc promoters in pM-treated cells. In individual experiments, IL-6 or siRNA-insensitive MMP-2 overexpression by pM-FL-A141G counteracted and restored the pM-inhibited Stat3 DNA-binding activity, suggesting IL-6/Stat3 signaling suppression in pM-treated 4910 and 5310 cells. MMP-2/α5β1 binding is enhanced in human recombinant MMP-2 treatments, resulting in elevated Stat3 DNA-binding activity and recruitment on CyclinD1 and c-Myc promoters. Activation of α5β1 signaling by Fibronectin adhesion elevated pM-inhibited Stat3 phosphorylation whereas blocking α5β1 abrogated constitutive Stat3 activation. In vivo experiments with orthotropic tumor model revealed the decreased tumor size in pM treatment compared with mock or pSV treatments. Immunofluorescence studies in tumor sections corroborated our in vitro findings evidencing high expression and co-localization of MMP-2/α5β1, which is decreased upon pM treatment along with significantly reduced IL-6, phospho-Stat3, CyclinD1, c-Myc, Ki-67 and PCNA expression levels. Our data indicate the possible role of MMP-2/α5β1 interaction in the regulation of α5β1-mediated IL-6/Stat3 signaling activation and signifies the therapeutic potential of blocking MMP-2/α5β1 interaction in glioma treatment.

Mutation in CYP1B1 has been reported for patients with congenital glaucoma. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show increased diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) in Cyp1b1-deficient (Cyp1b1(-/-)) mice. Cyp1b1(-/-) mice presented ultrastructural irregular collagen distribution in their trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue along with increased oxidative stress and decreased levels of periostin (Postn). Increased levels of oxidative stress and decreased levels of Postn were also detected in human glaucomatous TM tissues. Furthermore, Postn-deficient mice exhibited TM tissue ultrastructural abnormalities similar to those of Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) restored structural abnormality of TM tissue in Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. In addition, TM cells prepared from Cyp1b1(-/-) mice exhibited increased oxidative stress, altered adhesion, and decreased levels of Postn. These aberrant cellular responses were reversed in the presence of NAC or by restoration of Cyp1b1 expression. Cyp1b1 knockdown or inhibition of CYP1B1 activity in Cyp1b1(+/+) TM cells resulted in a Cyp1b1(-/-) phenotype. Thus, metabolic activity of CYP1B1 contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of TM tissue through modulation of Postn expression.

Integrins are the primary receptors of cells adhering to the extracellular matrix, and play key roles in various cellular processes including migration, proliferation and survival. The expression and distribution of integrins at the cell surface is controlled by endocytosis and recycling. The present study examines the function of syntaxin 6 (STX6), a t-SNARE located in the trans-Golgi network, in integrin trafficking. STX6 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. We show that depletion of STX6 inhibits chemotactic cell migration and the delivery of the laminin receptor α3β1 integrin to the cell surface, whereas STX6 overexpression stimulates chemotactic cell migration, integrin delivery, and integrin-initiated activation of focal adhesion kinase. These data indicate that STX6 plays a rate-limiting role in cell migration and integrin trafficking. In STX6-depleted cells, α3β1 integrin is accumulated in recycling endosomes that contain the v-SNARE VAMP3. Importantly, we show that STX6 and VAMP3 form a v-/t-SNARE complex, VAMP3 is required in α3β1 integrin delivery to the cell surface, and endocytosed α3β1 integrin traffics to both VAMP3 and STX6 compartments. Collectively, our data suggest a new integrin trafficking pathway in which endocytosed integrins are transported from VAMP3-containing recycling endosomes to STX6-containing trans-Golgi network before being recycled to the plasma membrane.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) after corneal wounding. This study addressed the role of the extracellular matrix in the induction of CTGF by TGF-β.Human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) were grown on fibronectin (FN), vitronectin (VN), or collagen (CL) in supplemented serum-free media alone or with TGF-β1 or fibroblast growth factor plus heparin. CTGF mRNA was analyzed by qPCR and protein expression by Western blot analysis of Triton X-100 (TX-100)-soluble and TX-100-insoluble cell lysates using antibodies to N-terminal, mid, and C-terminal CTGF regions. Immunocytochemistry was performed on nonconfluent or scrape-wounded confluent HCFs.TGF-β-treated HCFs grown on CL produced five times more 38-kDa CTGF than untreated controls (72 hours). TGF-β-treated HCFs on CL secreted twofold more CTGF than those on FN or VN. Furthermore, a 31-kDa CTGF form, lacking the N-terminal domain, was detected in Triton X-100 insoluble fractions in Western blot analysis. Immunodetectable extracellular CTGF formed linear arrays parallel to, but not colocalized with, CL or FN. It also did not colocalize with FAK, vinculin, or integrins α(v)β(3) and α(5)β(1). Intracellular CTGF was detected in the Golgi apparatus and vesicles, including endosomes.Enhanced CTGF secretion induced by TGF-β in CL-grown cells may contribute to positive feedback in which CL is overexpressed in CTGF-induced fibrosis. N-terminal CTGF fragments in the plasma of patients with severe fibrotic disease may be a product of CTGF proteolysis that also produces the newly identified 31-kDa CTGF that remains cell associated and may have its impact by non-integrin signaling pathways.

OBJECTIVE: Bone marrow-derived CD34(+) cells are currently used in clinical trials in patients with ischemic heart disease. An option to enhance activity of injected progenitors may be offered by genetic engineering of progenitor cells with angiogenic growth factors. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) have emerged as a leading gene transfer systems. In contrast to other vector systems in use for genetic engineering of CD34(+) cells, rAAV-mediated gene expression does not depend on vector integration. This is relevant for application in regenerative medicine of ischemic tissues, where transient transgene expression is likely sufficient to achieve therapeutic benefits.

The DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a member of the Cardiovirus genus of the family Picornaviridae, causes persistent infection in susceptible mice associated with a restricted expression of viral proteins, and induces a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. DA-induced demyelinating disease serves as a model of human multiple sclerosis because of similarities in pathology and because host immune responses contribute to pathogenesis in both disorders. In contrast, the GDVII strain of TMEV causes acute lethal encephalitis with no virus persistence. Cardiovirus L is a multifunctional protein that blocks interferon (IFN) beta transcription. We show that both DA and GDVII L disrupt IFN-beta transcription induction by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), but do so at different points in the signaling pathway. DA L blocks IFN-beta transcription downstream of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) but upstream of IRF-3 activation, while GDVII L acts downstream of IRF-3 activation. Both DA and GDVII L block IFN-beta transcription in infected mice; however, IFN-beta mRNA is expressed at low levels in the central nervous system of mice persistently infected with DA. The particular level of IFN-beta mRNA expression set by DA L as well as other factors in the IRF-3 pathway may play a role in virus persistence, inflammation, and the restricted infection of the late demyelinating disease.

Zinc finger transcription factors are involved broadly in development and tumorigenesis. Here, we report that the little studied zinc finger transcription factor ZNF382 functions as a tumor suppressor in multiple carcinomas. Although broadly expressed in normal tissues, ZNF382 expression was attenuated in multiple carcinoma cell lines due to promoter CpG methylation. ZNF382 was also frequently methylated in multiple primary tumors (nasopharyngeal, esophageal, colon, gastric, and breast). Ectopic expression of ZNF382 in silenced tumor cells significantly inhibited their clonogenicity and proliferation and induced apoptosis. We further found that ZNF382 inhibited NF-kappaB and AP-1 signaling and downregulated the expression of multiple oncogenes including MYC, MITF, HMGA2, and CDK6, as well as the NF-kappaB upstream factors STAT3, STAT5B, ID1, and IKBKE, most likely through heterochromatin silencing. ZNF382 could suppress tumorigenesis through heterochromatin-mediated silencing, as ZNF382 was colocalized and interacted with heterochromatin protein HP1 and further changed the chromatin modifications of ZNF382 target oncogenes. Our data show that ZNF382 is a functional tumor suppressor frequently methylated in multiple carcinomas.