Balance of pro- versus anti-angiogenic splice isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor as a regulator of neuroblastoma growth.
Peiris-Pagès, Maria, et al.
J. Pathol., 222: 138-47 (2010)
2009
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Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common extracranial tumour of childhood. Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the growth and development of NB and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most potent stimuli of angiogenesis, has been studied extensively in vitro. VEGF(165) has been shown to be the predominant angiogenic isoform expressed in NB cell lines and tumours. In this study, we investigated the anti-angiogenic isoform of VEGF-A, generated from distal splice site selection in the terminal exon of VEGF (VEGF(165)b) and shown to be down-regulated in epithelial malignancies. The expression of both the pro- (VEGF(xxx)) and the anti-angiogenic (VEGF(xxx)b) isoforms was compared in a range of NB and ganglioneuroma (GN) tumours. Whereas VEGF(xxx)b and VEGF(xxx) were both expressed in GN, specific up-regulation of the VEGF(xxx) isoforms was seen in NB at RNA and protein levels. Highly tumourigenic NB cell lines also showed up-regulation of the angiogenic isoforms relative to VEGF(xxx)b compared to less tumourigenic cell lines, and the isoforms were differentially secreted. These results indicate that VEGF(165) is up-regulated in NB and that there is a difference in the balance of isoform expression from anti-angiogenic VEGF(165)b to angiogenic VEGF(165). Treatment with recombinant human VEGF(165)b significantly reduced the growth rate of established xenografts of SK-N-BE(2)-C cells (4.24 +/- 1.01 fold increase in volume) compared with those treated with saline (9.76 +/- 3.58, p < 0.01). Microvascular density (MVD) was significantly decreased in rhVEGF(165)b-treated tumours (19.4 +/- 1.9 vessels/mm(3)) in contrast to the saline-treated tumours (45.5 +/- 8.6 vessels/mm(3)). VEGF(165)b had no significant effect on the proliferative or apoptotic activity, viability or cytotoxicity of SK-N-BE(2)-C cells after 48 h. In conclusion, VEGF(165)b is an effective inhibitor of NB growth. These findings provide the rationale for further investigation of VEGF(165)b in NB and other paediatric malignancies. | 20662003
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Diabetic retinopathy is associated with a switch in splicing from anti- to pro-angiogenic isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Perrin, R M, et al.
Diabetologia, 48: 2422-7 (2005)
2004
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy results from excess blood vessel growth into the vitreous fluid of the eye. Retinal angiogenesis is regulated by expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and many studies have shown that VEGF is critically involved in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. VEGF is alternatively spliced to form the angiogenic (VEGF(xxx)) and potentially anti-angiogenic (VEGF(xxx)b) family of isoforms. The VEGF(xxx)b family is found in normal tissues, but down-regulated in renal and prostate cancer. Previous studies on endogenous expression of VEGF in the eye have not distinguished between the two families of isoforms. | 16193288
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VEGF165b, an inhibitory vascular endothelial growth factor splice variant: mechanism of action, in vivo effect on angiogenesis and endogenous protein expression.
Woolard, Jeanette, et al.
Cancer Res., 64: 7822-35 (2004)
2004
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Growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), required for all tumor growth, is stimulated by the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is up-regulated in all known solid tumors but also in atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, and many other conditions. Conventional VEGF isoforms have been universally described as proangiogenic cytokines. Here, we show that an endogenous splice variant, VEGF(165)b, is expressed as protein in normal cells and tissues and is circulating in human plasma. We also present evidence for a sister family of presumably inhibitory splice variants. Moreover, these isoforms are down-regulated in prostate cancer. We also show that VEGF(165)b binds VEGF receptor 2 with the same affinity as VEGF(165) but does not activate it or stimulate downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, it prevents VEGF(165)-mediated VEGF receptor 2 phosphorylation and signaling in cultured cells. Furthermore, we show, with two different in vivo angiogenesis models, that VEGF(165)b is not angiogenic and that it inhibits VEGF(165)-mediated angiogenesis in rabbit cornea and rat mesentery. Finally, we show that VEGF(165)b expressing tumors grow significantly more slowly than VEGF(165)-expressing tumors, indicating that a switch in splicing from VEGF(165) to VEGF(165)b can inhibit tumor growth. These results suggest that regulation of VEGF splicing may be a critical switch from an antiangiogenic to a proangiogenic phenotype. | 15520188
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