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Stem Cell Exhaustion

Merck:/Freestyle/BI-Bioscience/LP-Hallmarks-of-Aging/_HallmarksAging_StemCell_OUTLNS.jpg

As we age, our stem cells eventually lose their ability to divide. Furthermore, we are unable to replace the stem cells that have migrated, differentiated, or died. As a result, we show outward symbols of aging, such as grey hair.

While the decrease in the renewal of stem cells certainly leads to age-related disorders, it is clear that this “stem cell exhaustion” is really a consequence of DNA damage, deregulated nutrient sensing, senescence, and other processes already mentioned—in other words, it might be argued that it is not a “true” hallmark. Nevertheless, because of their unique role in determining cell fate in a tissue-specific way, stem cells can reveal ways that tissues interact during the aging of a complex organism and possibly redirect the fate of aging tissues upon transplantation.

Aged Stem Cell — (Click image to enlarge.)
Hallmarks of aging affect aging stem cells. Adapted from Oh J, Lee YD, Wagers AJ. Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):870-80.

Recent studies have asked how environmental, genetic and microenvironmental factors all work together to affect stem cell fate. “Youthful” signals (like microRNAs) can apparently be delivered to aging stem cells via extracellular vesicles — could these vesicles serve as anti-aging therapeutics?

It’s also clear that diet and metabolic signaling also affects stem cells, as do signals from the microbiome. The discovery of Toll-like receptors on intestinal stem cells points to a paradigm in which our aging is determined not only by what we eat and breathe, but also the bacteria we carry.

Did you know?

Grey hair are the result of depletion of stem cells in the hair follicles. Interestingly, it has been found that the loss of melanocyte stem cells from hair follicles also results from stress.

New Publications:

Featured Solution: Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit
Merck’s Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit is a safe and efficient method to generate integration free, virus-free human iPS cell using a single transfection step. The technology is based upon a positive strand, single-stranded RNA species derived from non-infectious (non-packaging), self-replicating Venezuelian equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. The Simplicon® RNA replicon is a synthetic in virtro transcribed RNA expressing all four reprogramming factors (OKS-iG; Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and Glis1) in a polycistronic transcript that is able to self-replicate for a limited number of cell divisions. Advantages of the Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit: Integration-free, footprint-free iPS cells. No risk of genomic integration Safe, virus free, synthetic polycistronic RNA replicon (all four reprogramming factors in 1 RNA strand) Only 1-day transfection required. The RNA replicon is able to self-replicate, eliminating the need for laborious daily transfection of multiple individual mRNAs over a 14 day period. Efficient and rapid reprogramming. No screening required to ensure viral remnants are not present. Controlled elimination of synthetic RNA replicon by removal of B18R protein. Validated for reprogramming in feeder-based and feeder-free culture conditions. Order Now

Featured Solution: Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit

Merck’s Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit is a safe and efficient method to generate integration free, virus-free human iPS cell using a single transfection step. The technology is based upon a positive strand, single-stranded RNA species derived from non-infectious (non-packaging), self-replicating Venezuelian equine encephalitis (VEE) virus.

How Simplicon® Technology Works — The Simplicon® RNA replicon is a synthetic in virtro transcribed RNA expressing all four reprogramming factors (OKS-iG; Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and Glis1) in a polycistronic transcript that is able to self-replicate for a limited number of cell divisions.

Advantages of the Simplicon® RNA Reprogramming Kit:

Integration-free, footprint-free iPS cells. No risk of genomic integration
Safe, virus free, synthetic polycistronic RNA replicon (all four reprogramming factors in 1 RNA strand)
Only 1-day transfection required. The RNA replicon is able to self-replicate, eliminating the need for laborious daily transfection of multiple individual mRNAs over a 14 day period.
Efficient and rapid reprogramming.
No screening required to ensure viral remnants are not present.
Controlled elimination of synthetic RNA replicon by removal of B18R protein.
Validated for reprogramming in feeder-based and feeder-free culture conditions.

Order Now

Featured Solution: PluriSTEM® Human ES/iPS Cell Medium
Merck’s PluriSTEM® Human ES/iPS Medium is a specially formulated to maintains human pluripotent stem cells in feeder-free and serum-free conditions with less frequent feeding and cell culture time. The proprietary formulation uses Activin-A, TGFβ1 and b-FGF to promote stem cell self-renewal and potent small molecule combinations to inhibit unwanted spontaneous differentiation along with Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to aid in overall colony morphology. Feed Less. Discover more. Feeder-Free, Serum-Free, Defined Cell Culture System for Human ES/iPS Cells Less Frequent Cell Feeding (Every other day, weekend free) Reducing Cost and Overall Cell Culture Time Low Total Protein and Growth Factor Concentrations High Viability and Proliferation in Single Cell Passaging Maintains Pluripotent Stem Cells in 3D Suspension Culture Every Other Day Medium Change and Skip Weekends! Suggested feeding regiment with Pluristem™ Human ES/iPS Medium Learn More

Featured Solution: PluriSTEM® Human ES/iPS Cell Medium

Merck:/Freestyle/BI-Bioscience/LP-Hallmarks-of-Aging/stem-cell-exhaustion-pluristem-bottle.jpg

Merck’s PluriSTEM® Human ES/iPS Medium is a specially formulated to maintains human pluripotent stem cells in feeder-free and serum-free conditions with less frequent feeding and cell culture time. The proprietary formulation uses Activin-A, TGFβ1 and b-FGF to promote stem cell self-renewal and potent small molecule combinations to inhibit unwanted spontaneous differentiation along with Human Serum Albumin (HSA) to aid in overall colony morphology.

Feed Less. Discover more.

Feeder-Free, Serum-Free, Defined Cell Culture System for Human ES/iPS Cells
Less Frequent Cell Feeding (Every other day, weekend free) Reducing Cost and Overall Cell Culture Time
Low Total Protein and Growth Factor Concentrations
High Viability and Proliferation in Single Cell Passaging
Maintains Pluripotent Stem Cells in 3D Suspension Culture

Every Other Day Medium Change and Skip Weekends!

Suggested feeding regiment with Pluristem™ Human ES/iPS Medium

Learn More

Featured Solution: ReNcell® Human Neural Stem Cells

Featured Product

ReNcell® VM and ReNcell® CX Cell Lines

Merck:/Freestyle/BI-Bioscience/Cell-Culture/stem-cell-images/multipotentiality-of-ReNcells.jpg

ReNcell® VM and ReNcell® CX are two well-established neural stem cell lines derived from developing human brains. ReNcell® VM and CX cells are generated from the ventral mesencephalon (VM) and cortical (CX) regions of the brain, respectively, and transduced with the myc transcription factor. Both cell lines offer phenotype and genotype stability, in addition to the multipotential neuronal differentiation capacity, over long-term culture.

Read about how ReNcell® cell line is developed

Breakthrough studies have recently rejected the longstanding belief that neuronal tissue is incapable of regeneration. Successful engraftment of NSCs following implantation into the brain of rodent models has demonstrated the potential of this cell type in the development of regenerative therapeutic strategies. However, neural stem cells have historically proven to be difficult to isolate and culture in vitro for an extended period of time. Merck offers novel, ready-to-use, neural progenitor cells isolated from both human and rodent model systems, including serum-free cell culture expansion media, and kits for differentiation and characterization. ReNcell® immortalized human neural stem cells can readily differentiate into neurons and glial cells.

Fwo lines are available:

ReNcell® VM (derived from the ventral mesencephalon region of human fetal brain tissue).
ReNcell® CX (derived from the cortical region of human fetal brain tissue).

Browse our ReNcell® product
Learn More

Hallmarks of Aging
Find out how aging may play a role in your research. Learn more! Visit Hallmarks of Aging Home Page.

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