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  • Expression and localization of membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, CD 44, and laminin-5gamma2 chain during colorectal carcinoma tumor progression. 15517370

    Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is overexpressed in many malignant tumor tissues and would be involved in tumor-cell migration. Using dual immunofluorescence of frozen sections, this study examined the expression and localization of MT1-MMP and its interacting molecules, CD44 and laminin-5gamma2 chain (LN-5gamma2) monomer, in 48 cases of colorectal tumors. Recent studies have shown that MT1-MMP, CD44 and LN-5gamma2 are direct downstream targets in the adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC)/beta-catenin (Wnt)-signaling pathway, which is upregulated in most colorectal epithelial tumors. MT1-MMP overexpression was observed in adenocarcinoma cases with moderate and/or less differentiation coinciding with CD44 downmodulation. Recent observations indicate that MT1-MMP overexpression disrupts tubulogenesis of MDCK cells in type-I collagen-rich tissues. Therefore, MT1-MMP overexpression might involve disturbances of neoplastic glandular structures during colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor progression. Intensity distribution analyses of images with dual immunofluorescence indicated that overexpressed MT1-MMP is closely associated with the enhanced expression of the LN-5gamma2 monomers at the invasive front of dedifferentiated tumor cells. Additionally, the graded expression of nuclear active beta-catenin was found in moderately differentiated and dedifferentiated areas of adenocarcinomas, where MT1-MMP overexpression was observed. Therefore, this study reveals that MT1-MMP might be a major effector of Wnt signaling in the late stage of colorectal carcinoma tumor progression.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • The transmembrane orientation of the epsilon chain of the TcR/CD3 complex. 2967760

    The antigen receptor of the T lymphocytes is one of the most complex eukaryotic membrane structures studied to date. The T cell receptor (TcR) consists of two disulfide-linked glycoprotein chains (alpha/beta or gamma/delta) and is noncovalently associated with a group of small and invariable CD 3 proteins. Four CD 3 chains have been recognized: two highly homologous glycoproteins CD 3 gamma and delta, the more distantly related nonglycosylated CD 3 epsilon chain, and the nonglycosylated CD 3 zeta, the latter being present as a homodimer. The unraveling of the architecture of the TcR/CD 3 complex is crucial to our understanding of the processes underlying its assembly, recognition and transmembrane signaling. The transmembrane orientation of the TcR chains and of CD 3 gamma and CD 3 delta can be directly inferred from their primary structure, based on the presence of concensus N-linked glycosylation sites N-terminal of their transmembrane domains. This prediction can not be made, however, for nonglycosylated molecules like the CD 3 epsilon chain. In order to determine the transmembrane orientation of CD 3 epsilon, anti-peptide antisera directed against the N-termini of the human and murine CD 3 epsilon chains were generated in rabbits. Both antisera stained intact T cells, demonstrating that the N-terminus of the CD 3 epsilon chain was located at the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The anti-human CD 3 epsilon peptide antiserum was found to be mitogenic for peripheral blood T cells, a finding previously reported only for monoclonal anti-TcR/CD 3 reagents. Using a novel transient expression system in murine T lymphocytes, the human CD 3 epsilon chain could be expressed on the surface of CD 3+, but not CD 3- murine T cells, as indicated by fluorescence staining with the anti-peptide antiserum. This experiment confirmed the specificity of the anti-peptide antiserum and, perhaps more importantly, indicated that the human CD 3 epsilon chain was correctly assembled in the murine CD 3 complex. Moreover, the anti-human CD 3 monoclonal antibody UCHT1 was found to stain T cells expressing the human CD 3 epsilon chain.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple

  • Soluble and particulate metals in the Po River: factors affecting concentrations and partitioning. 8023132

    Fourteen metals (Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Ba, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were monitored over a 2-year period in the waters of the lower Po River. Concentrations in the dissolved and particulate phases were measured, thus constructing a large database on metal variability. The influence of flow and solid transport on dissolved, particulate and total metal concentrations is discussed. In addition to flow rate and solid content, biological processes seem to be one of the main factors affecting concentrations in the dissolved phase, while the inorganic components of solids seem to control metal concentration in suspended matter. Data on partitioning of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases are presented, together with related information on the affinity sequence of metals for the particulate phase, and the influence of solid load on the modes of metal transport.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    17-700
    Product Catalog Name:
    Magna RIP™ RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation Kit

  • Enterocolitis induced by autoimmune targeting of enteric glial cells: a possible mechanism in Crohn's disease? 11687633

    Early pathological manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD) include vascular disruption, T cell infiltration of nerve plexi, neuronal degeneration, and induction of T helper 1 cytokine responses. This study demonstrates that disruption of the enteric glial cell network in CD patients represents another early pathological feature that may be modeled after CD8(+) T cell-mediated autoimmune targeting of enteric glia in double transgenic mice. Mice expressing a viral neoself antigen in astrocytes and enteric glia were crossed with specific T cell receptor transgenic mice, resulting in apoptotic depletion of enteric glia to levels comparable in CD patients. Intestinal and mesenteric T cell infiltration, vasculitis, T helper 1 cytokine production, and fulminant bowel inflammation were characteristic hallmarks of disease progression. Immune-mediated damage to enteric glia therefore may participate in the initiation and/or the progression of human inflammatory bowel disease.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple

  • Feasibility of Pressurization To Speed Up Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biological Materials for Multielement Determinations 17269790

    The feasibility of pressurized solvents (liquids at a high pressure and/or high temperature without the subcritical point being reached) has been newly investigated to accelerate enzymatic hydrolysis processes of mussel tissue for multielement determinations. The target elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn) were released from dried mussel tissue by action of two proteases (pepsin and pancreatin), and they have been evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Variables inherent to the enzymatic activity (pH, ionic strength, temperature, and enzyme mass) and factors affecting pressurization (static time, pressure, and number of cycles) were simultaneously studied by applying a Plackett-Burman design (PBD) as the screening method. Results showed that pH, ionic strength, and temperature were the most statistically significant factors (confidence interval of 95%) under pressurized conditions for pepsin, while pH and ionic strength affected pancreatin activity. This means that metal extraction is mostly attributed to enzymatic activity. The static time (enzymatic hydrolysis time) was found statistically nonsignificant for most of the elements, meaning that the hydrolysis procedure can be finished within a 2-15 min range. For pepsin, optimized conditions (pH 1.0, temperature 40 °C, pressure 1500 psi, static time 2 min, and number of cycles 3) gave quantitative extractions for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn. The pepsin mass was 0.05 g, and the solution was Milli-Q water at pH 1.0 (adjusted with hydrochloric acid). For pancreatin, quantitative recoveries were only reached for As, Cd, Cu, Li, Pb, and Sr at room temperature, at a pressure of 1500 psi, for a static time of 2 min and a number of cycles of 3. The extraction solution was a 0.3 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate/potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5 working at room temperature. Around 0.5 g of diatomaceous earth was used as dispersing agent for hydrolyses with either enzyme. Analytical performances, such as limits of detection and quantification and repeatability of the overall procedure, have been established. Finally, accuracy of the methods was assessed by analyzing seafood certified reference materials (GBW-08571, DORM-2, DOLT-3, TORT-2), fatty tissues certified reference materials (BCR 185, NIST 1577b), and fibrous certified reference materials (BCR 62, GBW-08501).
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple

  • Active targeting of RGD-conjugated bioreducible polymer for delivery of oncolytic adenovirus expressing shRNA against IL-8 mRNA. 21531456

    Even though oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) has been highlighted in the field of cancer gene therapy, transductional targeting and immune privilege still remain difficult challenges. The recent reports have noted the increasing tendency of adenoviral surface shielding with polymer to overcome the limits of its practical application. We previously reported the potential of the biodegradable polymer, poly(CBA-DAH) (CD) as a promising candidate for efficient gene delivery. To endow the selective-targeting moiety of tumor vasculature to CD, cRGDfC well-known as a ligand for cell-surface integrins on tumor endothelium was conjugated to CD using hetero-bifunctional cross-linker SM (PEG)(n). The cytopathic effects of oncolytic Ad coated with the polymers were much more enhanced dose-dependently when compared with that of naked Ad in cancer cells selectively. Above all, the most potent oncolytic effect was assessed with the treatment of Ad/CD-PEG(500)-RGD in all cancer cells. The enhanced cytopathic effect of Ad/RGD-conjugated polymer was specifically inhibited by blocking antibodies to integrins, but not by blocking antibody to CAR. HT1080 cells treated with Ad/CD-PEG(500)-RGD showed strong induction of apoptosis and suppression of IL-8 and VEGF expression as well. These results suggest that RGD-conjugated bioreducible polymer might be used to deliver oncolytic Ad safely and efficiently for tumor therapy.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Protein secondary structure from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: a data base analysis. 1867384

    An infrared (ir) method to determine the secondary structure of proteins in solution using the amide I region of the spectrum has been devised. The method is based on the circular dichroism (CD) matrix method for secondary structure analysis given by Compton and Johnson (L. A. Compton and W. C. Johnson, 1986, Anal. Biochem. 155, 155-167). The infrared data matrix was constructed from the normalized Fourier transform infrared spectra from 1700 to 1600 cm-1 of 17 commercially available proteins. The secondary structure matrix was constructed from the X-ray data of the seventeen proteins with secondary structure elements of helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn, and other (random). The CD and ir methods were compared by analyzing the proteins of the CD and ir databases as unknowns. Both methods produce similar results compared to structures obtained by X-ray crystallographic means with the CD slightly better for helix conformation, and the ir slightly better for beta-sheet. The relatively good ir analysis for concanavalin A and alpha-chymotrypsin indicate that the ir method is less affected by the presence of aromatic groups. The concentration of the protein and the cell path length need not be known for the ir analysis since the spectra can be normalized to the total ir intensity in the amide I region. The ir spectra for helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn, and other, as extracted from the data-base, agree with the literature band assignments. The ir data matrix and the inverse matrix necessary to analyze unknown proteins are presented.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    15-101
    Product Catalog Name:
    Akt phosphorylation Pathway Explorer MiniPack

  • Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein overexpression in internal spermatic vein of patients with varicocele. 19362335

    OBJECTIVES: To determine the possible molecular mechanism for the thickened wall in the internal spermatic vein (ISV) of patients with varicocele, we examined the cadmium (Cd) content and metallothionein (MT) expression in these diseased vessels. Previous studies have shown that Cd might play a role in the etiology of varicocele-associated infertility. MT, a metal-binding protein, protects against cell apoptosis during hypoxia. METHODS: The study group consisted of 20 patients with grade 3 left varicocele. The control group consisted of 15 volunteers with left-sided indirect inguinal hernia. Through a left inguinal incision, a 1-cm section of the ISV was resected from each patient to measure the Cd and MT levels. The results were analyzed using Student's t test. RESULTS: The Cd content in the ISV was 59.84 +/- 5.7 ng/g in the control group and 192.1 +/- 24.2 ng/g in the varicocele group. The relative intensity of the MT band was 40.52 +/- 3.74 in the control group and 78.26 +/- 5.61 in the varicocele group. MT expression was greater in the varicocele group than in the control group, and its deposition in the vascular endothelial layer was predominant using immunohistochemistry staining and confocal laser scanning. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study have demonstrated a greater accumulation of Cd in the ISV of the varicocele group than in the control group. The high Cd content and hypoxic conditions would induce overexpression of MT in the diseased vessels to protect the vascular cells from apoptosis. This might be a mechanism for the thickened wall of the ISV in patients with varicocele.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AP124A
    Product Catalog Name:
    Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Antibody, Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate

  • Actin filaments disruption and stabilization affect measles virus maturation by different mechanisms. 23914985

    Cytoskeletal proteins are often involved in the virus life cycle, either at early steps during virus entry or at later steps during formation of new virus particles. Though actin filaments have been shown to play a role in the production of measles virus (MV), the importance of actin dynamics for virus assembly and budding steps is not known yet. Aim of this work was thus to analyze the distinctive consequences of F-actin stabilization or disruption for MV protein trafficking, particle assembly and virus release.MV infection studies in the presence of inhibitors differently affecting the actin cytoskeleton revealed that not only actin disruption but also stabilization of actin filaments interfered with MV particle release. While overall viral protein synthesis, surface expression levels of the MV glycoproteins, and cell-associated infectivity was not altered, cell-free virus titers were decreased. Interestingly, the underlying mechanisms of interference with late MV maturation steps differed principally after F-actin disruption by Cytochalasin D (CD) and F-actin stabilization by Jasplakinolide (Jaspla). While intact actin filaments were shown to be required for transport of nucleocapsids and matrix proteins (M-RNPs) from inclusions to the plasma membrane, actin dynamics at the cytocortex that are blocked by Jaspla are necessary for final steps in virus assembly, in particular for the formation of viral buds and the pinching-off at the plasma membrane. Supporting our finding that F-actin disruption blocks M-RNP transport to the plasma membrane, cell-to-cell spread of MV infection was enhanced upon CD treatment. Due to the lack of M-glycoprotein-interactions at the cell surface, M-mediated fusion downregulation was hindered and a more rapid syncytia formation was observed.While stable actin filaments are needed for intracellular trafficking of viral RNPs to the plasma membrane, and consequently for assembly at the cell surface and prevention of an overexerted fusion by the viral surface glycoproteins, actin dynamics are required for the final steps of budding at the plasma membrane.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB8910
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Measles Blend Antibody, matrix protein, clones CV8, CV9

  • Long non-coding RNA MT1DP shunts the cellular defense to cytotoxicity through crosstalk with MT1H and RhoC in cadmium stress. 29507753

    Metallothioneins (MTs) are known to protect cells against oxidative stress, especially providing protection against cadmium (Cd) toxicity in hepatocytes. There are various gene variants and pseudogenes for MTs; however, there is little understanding on the functions of those non-coding MT members that are known to be expressed as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) nowadays. Different from most protein-coding MT members, MT1DP was here found that remarkably induced to provoke cytotoxicity in hepatocytes in response to Cd treatment. MT1DP exerted such a pro-apoptotic function in Cd-treated hepatocytes through interacting with two partners: RhoC and MT1H. On one hand, MT1DP interacted with RhoC protein to increase the latter's stability by preventing lysosome-dependent protein degradation. Therefore, upon Cd stress, MT1DP/RhoC complex was quickly reinforced to activate RhoC-CCN1/2-AKT signaling and potentiate Ca2+ influx, leading to enhanced Cd uptake and elevated Cd toxicity. On the other hand, MT1H, a protein-coding member of the MT family with little known function, was found to quickly respond to Cd exposure along with MT1DP. Mechanistically, MT1H and MT1DP were uncovered to mutually protect each other through a reciprocal ceRNA mechanism, building up a positive feedback loop to enforce MT1DP-conducted signaling upon Cd exposure. Moreover, MT1DP was found to contribute much more to the activation of RhoC-CCN1/2-AKT signaling than MT1H. Considered together, we here unveiled a mystery whether a pseudogene within the MT family, MT1DP, has actual biological functions in regulating Cd-induced cellular defense. Our findings unearthed an important role of pseudogene MT1DP in calibrating the cellular machinery to switch the cellular defense to cytotoxicity through crosslinking an interplay between its two partners, namely MT1H and RhoC, under cadmium stress.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    17-700
    Product Catalog Name:
    Magna RIP™ RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation Kit