MAB1852 Sigma-AldrichAnti-Macrophages/Monocytes Antibody, clone MOMA-2

Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis through undefined molecular mechanisms. Hyperglycemia induces formation of advanced glycation end product (AGE)-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Anti-AGE-LDL autoantibodies favor atherosclerosis (AS) progression in humans, while anti oxidized LDL immunization inhibits AS in hypercholesterolemic, non-diabetic mice. We here investigated if AGE-LDL immunization protects against AS in diabetic mice.After diabetes induction with streptozotocin and high fat diet, both low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-/- and apoE female mice were randomized to: AGE-LDL immunization with aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant; Alum alone; or PBS.AGE-LDL immunization: significantly reduced AS; induced specific plasma IgM and IgG antibodies; upregulated splenic Th2, Treg and IL-10 levels, without altering Th1 or Th17 cells; and increased serum high density lipoprotein(HDL) while numerically lowering HbA1c levels.Subcutaneous immunization with AGE-LDL significantly inhibits atherosclerosis progression in hyperlipidemic diabetic mice possibly through activation of specific humoral and cell mediated immune responses and metabolic control improvement.

To determine if cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) plays a role in atherosclerosis, we investigated the effects of systemic CB2 gene deletion on hyperlipidemia-induced atherogenesis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate functional and ultrastructural changes in the retina of scavenger receptor B1 (SR-BI) knockout (KO) mice consuming a high fat cholate (HFC) diet. METHODS: Three-month-old male KO and wild-type (WT) mice were fed an HFC diet for 30 weeks. After diet supplementation, plasma cholesterol levels and electroretinograms were analyzed. Neutral lipids were detected with oil red O, and immunohistochemistry was performed on cryostat ocular tissue sections. The retina, Bruch's membrane (BM), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris (CC) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Using the WT for reference, ultrastructural changes were recorded in HFC-fed SR-BI KO mice, including lipid inclusions, a patchy disorganization of the photoreceptor outer segment (POS) and the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and BM thickening with sparse sub-RPE deposits. Within the CC, there was abnormal disorganization of collagen fibers localized in ectopic sites with sparse and large vacuolization associated with infiltration of macrophages in the subretinal space, reflecting local inflammation. These lesions were associated with electroretinographic abnormalities, particularly increasing implicit time in a- and b-wave scotopic responses. Abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) staining was detected in the outer nuclear layer. CONCLUSIONS: HFC-fed SR-BI KO mice thus presented sub-RPE lipid-rich deposits and functional and morphologic alterations similar to some features observed in dry AMD. The findings lend further support to the hypothesis that atherosclerosis causes retinal and subretinal damage that increases susceptibility to some forms of AMD.,

To study the role of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (mertk) in atherosclerosis.We irradiated and reconstituted atherosclerosis-susceptible C57Bl/6 low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient female mice (ldlr(-/-)) with either a mertk(+/+) or mertk(-/-) (tyrosine kinase-defective mertk) bone marrow. The mice were put on high-fat diet for either 8 or 15 weeks. Mertk deficiency led to increased accumulation of apoptotic cells within the lesions, promoted a proinflammatory immune response, and accelerated lesion development.Mertk expression by bone marrow-derived cells is required for the disposal of apoptotic cells and controls lesion development and inflammation.

Monocytes are critical mediators of atherogenesis. Deletion of individual chemokines or chemokine receptors leads to significant but only partial inhibition of lesion development, whereas deficiency in other signals such as CXCL16 or CCR1 accelerates atherosclerosis. Evidence that particular chemokine pathways may cooperate to promote monocyte accumulation into inflamed tissues, particularly atherosclerotic arteries, is still lacking.Here, we show that chemokine-mediated signals critically determine the frequency of monocytes in the blood and bone marrow under both noninflammatory and atherosclerotic conditions. Particularly, CCL2-, CX3CR1-, and CCR5-dependent signals differentially alter CD11b(+) Ly6G(-) 7/4(hi) (also known as Ly6C(hi)) and CD11b(+) Ly6G(-) 7/4(lo) (Ly6C(lo)) monocytosis. Combined inhibition of CCL2, CX3CR1, and CCR5 in hypercholesterolemic, atherosclerosis-susceptible apolipoprotein E-deficient mice leads to abrogation of bone marrow monocytosis and to additive reduction in circulating monocytes despite persistent hypercholesterolemia. These effects are associated with a marked and additive 90% reduction in atherosclerosis. Interestingly, lesion size highly correlates with the number of circulating monocytes, particularly the CD11b(+) Ly6G(-) 7/4(lo) subset.CCL2, CX3CR1, and CCR5 play independent and additive roles in atherogenesis. Signals mediated through these pathways critically determine the frequency of circulating monocyte subsets and thereby account for almost all macrophage accumulation into atherosclerotic arteries.

We analysed the possible protective role of human endothelial (EPCs) and smooth muscle (SPCs) progenitor cells on atherosclerosis development in apoE(-/-)RAG2(-/-) mice. We determined plasma levels of SPCs in coronary patients.ApoE(-/-)RAG2(-/-) mice received four intravenous injections of saline, 5 x 10(5) SPCs, or 5 x 10(5) EPCs every other week, one (preventive approach) or 12(curative approach) weeks after starting a high fat diet. Derived-SPC levels were quantified from blood mononuclear cells of patients with stable angina (n = 10) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS, n = 9). SPCs reduced atherosclerosis development by 42% (P less than 0.001), but had no effect on lesion progression. In the SPC group, collagen and smooth muscle cell content were increased (+80%, P less than 0.001, +46%, P less than 0.05, respectively), and macrophage content was decreased (-41%, P less than 0.05). In the curative approach, macrophage content decreased by 40.5% (P less than 0.05) after SPC injection. EPC injection had no effect on atherosclerosis development or progression. Peripheral blood-derived SPC levels were reduced in patients with ACS compared with stable angina patients (P less than 0.05).We demonstrate that SPCs limit plaque development and promote changes in plaque composition towards a stable phenotype in mice. Our finding in patients suggests that reduced peripheral blood-derived SPC levels might represent a mechanism contributing to plaque destabilization.

Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles have been shown to protect cells in culture from lethal stress, but no protection in vivo has been reported. Cardiac-specific expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in mice causes ischemic cardiomyopathy associated with activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on cardiac function and remodeling as well as ER stress response in this murine model of cardiomyopathy.MCP-1 transgenic mice (MCP mice) and wild-type controls were administered intravenously 15 nmol of CeO2 nanoparticles or vehicle only twice a week for 2 weeks. Cardiac function, myocardial histology, nitrotyrosine formation, expression of cytokines, and ER stress-associated genes were evaluated.Treatment with CeO2 nanoparticles markedly inhibited progressive left ventricular dysfunction and dilatation in MCP mice and caused a significant decrease in serum levels of MCP-1, C-reactive protein, and total nitrated proteins. The infiltration of monocytes/macrophages, accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine, apoptotic cell death, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 in the myocardium were markedly inhibited by CeO2 nanoparticles. Expression of the key ER stress-associated genes, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and heat shock proteins (HSP25, HSP40, HSP70), were also suppressed by CeO2 nanoparticles.CeO2 nanoparticles protect against the progression of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling by attenuation of myocardial oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammatory processes probably through their autoregenerative antioxidant properties.

Obesity is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the precise molecular pathways responsible for this close association remain poorly understood.In this study, we report that leptin-deficiency (ob/ob) in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (ldlr(-/-)) mice induces an unexpected 2.2- to 6-fold reduction in atherosclerotic lesion development, compared with ldlr(-/-) mice having similar total cholesterol levels. Ldlr(-/-)/ob/ob mice show reduced T cell helper type 1 (Th1) response, enhanced expression of Foxp3, the specification transcription factor of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and improved Treg cell function. Leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice display marked increase in the number and suppressive function of Treg cells. Supplementation of Treg-deficient lymphocytes with Treg cells from db/db mice in an experimental model of atherosclerosis induces a significant reduction of lesion size and a marked inhibition of interferon (INF)-gamma production, compared with supplementation by Treg cells from wild-type mice.These results identify a critical role for leptin/leptin receptor pathway in the modulation of the regulatory immune response in atherosclerosis, and suggest that alteration in regulatory immunity may predispose obese individuals to atherosclerosis.

CC chemokine receptor CCR5 is expressed by atheroma-associated cells and could mediate leukocyte attraction into developing lesions. We examined the role of bone marrow-derived CCR5 in the development of atherosclerotic lesions after 8, 12, or 35 weeks of high-fat diet.Low-density lipoprotein-receptor (LDLr)-deficient mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with CCR5+/+ or CCR5-/- bone marrow. After 8 weeks of fat diet, CCR5 deficiency in leukocytes led to 30% decrease of macrophage accumulation within the fatty streak (Pless than 0.05), with no change in lesion size. After 12 weeks of fat diet, CCR5 deficiency also resulted in 30% decrease of plaque-macrophage accumulation (Pless than 0.005), associated with 16% reduction in lesion size in the aortic sinus (P=0.13), despite a significant increase in total cholesterol levels (P=0.03). Lesions with CCR5 deficiency showed 52% reduction in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression (P=0.02) and 2-fold increase in collagen accumulation (Pless than 0.0001). These changes were associated with a significant increase of interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA expression in spleens of CCR5-/- mice compared with CCR5+/+ controls. In addition, we found enhanced IL-10 production by CCR5-deficient peritoneal macrophages and decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by CCR5-/- T cells in comparison with CCR5+/+ controls. CCR5-/- and CCR5+/+ reconstituted animals showed no differences in plaque size or composition after 35 weeks of high-fat diet despite the persistent absence of CCR5 in plaques of mice reconstituted with CCR5-/- bone marrow.Bone marrow-derived CCR5 favors the development of an inflammatory and collagen-poor plaque phenotype in association with decreased macrophage-derived IL-10 and enhanced T cell-derived TNF-alpha. These effects are not sustained in the very advanced stages of atherosclerosis.

C-reactive protein (CRP) may have proatherogenic but also vasoprotective properties. We tested the hypothesis that the configuration of CRP (pentameric, or native [nCRP], versus monomeric, or modified [mCRP]) determines these different characteristics in an in vivo model.We investigated the effects of human nCRP and mCRP on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Treatment with nCRP for 8 weeks (2.5 mg/kg SC weekly) resulted in a 4-fold-higher mean aortic plaque area in 14-week-old female ApoE(-/-) mice compared with the saline controls. In contrast, mean plaque size was decreased by approximately 50% in mCRP-treated ApoE(-/-) mice (2.5 mg/kg SC weekly). Using immunohistochemistry, we report the natural presence of the mCRP antigen in saline controls. mCRP antigen was expressed in smooth muscle cells and extracellularly in the vicinity of the plaques to a similar level in both CRP-treated groups and saline controls. mCRP and ApoB colocalized with macrophages and were equally upregulated in all aortic plaques. Vascular cell adhesion molecule expression was increased, and CD154 and intercellular adhesion molecule showed a trend for higher expression in nCRP-treated compared with mCRP-treated mice. CD154 expression in the vessel wall and plaque size correlated significantly. mCRP-treated ApoE(-/-) exhibited higher serum levels of the antiinflammatory interleukin-10 compared with the other 2 groups.Here, we show that mCRP and nCRP have opposite effects on atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice. These data may explain in part the conflicting activities previously reported for CRP in models of atherogenesis.